Justsecurity iconJustsecuritySep 18, 2026 ~7 min source read

The Second AI Election: How Popular Models Failed Safeguards Ahead of the 2026 Midterms

Tests of six widely used AI models found safeguards against election misinformation were easy to bypass, producing realistic image prompts and strategic guidance. The authors outline practical steps for companies, lawmakers, and civil society to reduce harms before November.

The Second AI Election: Testing the Safeguards Before November

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Six popular AI systems (ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, Meta AI, Runway, Flux.2) were tested and produced material that could enable large-scale election misinformation campaigns.

Companies, lawmakers, and civil society need immediate, concrete actions—improved model safeguards, coordinated legal and policy measures, and resourced public defenses—to blunt AI-driven disinformation before November.

The useful part

Testing the Safeguards Before November By Lawrence Norden and David Evan Harris Published on September 18, 2026 The 2024 U.S. presidential election was supposed to be the "first AI election." Experts warned that generative AI could flood voters with deepfakes and fabricated evidence of fraud, U.S. intelligence officials declassified intel reports on foreign influence operations already experimenting with the technology, and leading AI companies pledged to combat deceptive election content.

How it works

  • With the potential for AI-driven misinformation campaigns to escalate sharply in this year's midterms, we tested some of the most popular AI models to learn how they can be exploited to peddle false...
  • First, we asked four popular chatbots (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Grok) general research and strategy questions, such as how to frame scenes related to common election misinformation tropes convincingly.
  • But, as we show in our study, visible watermarks and small content modifications like these can be easily removed using AI.
  • For example, in this Image, ChatGPT Images 2.0 added a working link to the elections information page for Multnomah County, Oregon — a feature of this scene that was not requested in our prompt.
  • They should give additional consideration to how often their model denies a user's request but suggests a change to the user's prompt, test the qualities of those suggestions, and consider outright denying...

What to take from it

Such campaigns often merely echo existing fractures and arguments appearing in the United States. President Trump and his allies are engaged in a concerted campaign to undermine U.S. While the evolution of AI comes with great risks in the wrong hands, the good news is that there are steps AI companies, policymakers, and civil society can take immediately (and in some cases are already taking).

Example or evidence

  • Across the breadth of these internal safety processes, third-party researchers should be allowed to conduct rigorous, independent studies of AI tools, a process companies have made too difficult and legally...
  • AI companies must also deploy additional ways for users to distinguish between real and images.
  • Foreign nations faced significant barriers to deploying AI to influence that election, according to the now-shuttered U.S.
  • Russia, China, and Iran are deploying a wide variety of cutting-edge AI tools in more sophisticated ways in foreign influence operations aimed at the United States and its citizens, among others.

Details worth keeping

Testing the Safeguards Before November Just Security. Two years later, the picture looks very different. AI tools have become far more sophisticated and widely available.

Related coverage

  • Schneier: This essay was written with Nathan E.
  • Ksn: Recent research on voters' use of AI is forcing campaigns to rethink their digital strategies and reminding election officials of the importance of upkeep regarding information online.
  • Vtdigger: An AI agent doesn't need to want anything to threaten an election — it just needs a goal, some autonomy and the will to keep trying until it succeeds.
  • Broadbandbreakfast: The companies may be seeking to score political goals ahead of the U.S. midterm elections
  • Justsecurity: A series of Supreme Court rulings have left the federal government with a narrow path to regulating open-weight AI models.

Related details

  • Schneier: Use AI for Good This essay was written with Nathan E.

More context around this story.

Schneier iconSchneierSep 17, 2026

How Candidates Could Use AI for Good

This essay was written with Nathan E. Sanders, and originally appeared in The Guardian . There are plenty of signs that AI will make all of our experiences of the US midterm elections worse. Voters have anxiety about AI’s impacts on the country. Politicos are using AI deepfakes to spread lies. The White House is postin

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