Scotusblog iconScotusblogSep 23, 2026 ~1 min source read

Respecting our multi-branch lawmaking process

In this second column entry, I would like to bring a similar level of specificity to the separation-of-powers provisions that address the federal lawmaking process. A close look at those provisions indicate that, if the court wishes to better respect the Constitution's design, the court should abandon its practice of regularly treating Congress as if that branch can unilaterally make law.

Respecting our multi-branch lawmaking process

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In this second column entry, I would like to bring a similar level of specificity to the separation-of-powers provisions that address the federal lawmaking process.

A close look at those provisions indicate that, if the court wishes to better respect the Constitution's design, the court should abandon its practice of regularly treating Congress as if that branch can...

Judicial references to "Congress" simply making law are ubiquitous and have been offered by justices of different interpretive stripes.

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In this second column entry, I would like to bring a similar level of specificity to the separation-of-powers provisions that address the federal lawmaking process. A close look at those provisions indicate that, if the court wishes to better respect the Constitution's design, the court should abandon its practice of regularly treating Congress as if that branch can unilaterally make law. Judicial references to "Congress" simply making law are ubiquitous and have been offered by justices of different interpretive stripes.

How it works

  • In 2025, Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote on behalf of a unanimous court that "Congress enacted ERISA to 'protect.
  • the interests of participants in employee benefit plans and their beneficiaries.'" That same year, Justice Amy Coney Barrett contended "that Congress did not intend for courts to consider" particular factors.

Details worth keeping

Let's start with some examples of the phenomenon in question. More recently, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in Learning Resources v. Trump that "[t]he Government points to no statute in which Congress used the word 'regulate' to authorize taxation." In the same cases, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson added that "probing Congress's intent is the right inquiry." And in another high-profile example,...

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